The Military Is Too Big For Our Country - 1369 Words

If you had to go into the military, why would you do it? For the money and the benefits, or to be a proud American and serve our country? There are many people who go into the military to do bare minimum as long as they receive their benefits, including free college tuition. Then there are types of people who join because they want to do well for America. The military should only consist of people who want to be patriotic to their country rather than use the government for their benefits and money. Better soldiers come from ones that are motivated to serve and protect our country. We need to have a military for the sake of safety and being protected from terrorists, other countries, and for humanitarian reasons. There is a problem with the military not paying much attention to quantity versus quality. The military is too big for the jobs that they have. It needs to consist of better quality soldiers instead of focusing on have the world’s largest military. A lot goes into recr uitment as well, but maybe not enough. The different motives of soldiers play a role on the outcome of them in the end, and what makes them the best for that position. Different recruitment methods could give the military better quality soldiers. Depending on the people’s motives, you can have lazy soldiers, or soldiers that will give it their all. Recruitment can weed out the lazy soldiers and give America better quality soldiers. The military is crucial for this country, and it needs to consist ofShow MoreRelatedGun Control Argument Essay612 Words   |  3 Pagesa superior product in which consumers have chosen make it a monopoly. The government should not be able to break up this company, unless it is proven that they are mistreating the consumer. Although the government should keep a watchful eye on big businesses to make sure they are not misusing their position. I do not believe in affirmative action even though I am considered a minority. When asked, I do claim my minority race. I also claim veterans preference. Do I think its fair ifRead MoreWhat Does Putin Really Think? Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Does Putin Really Want to Say? By taking a big step, Russian president Vladamir V. Putin wrote an article in The New York Times, the most influential newspaper in the United States, at the 12th anniversary of 9/11 terrorist attacks. He warns the US public and the Congress about the tensions related to the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Even though the title of the article seems mild, â€Å"A Plea for Caution From Russia†, the content has far harsher warnings to the US government and especiallyRead MoreWomen Should Be Integrated Into Combat Positions1057 Words   |  5 Pagesyes, why not? Women can fight, shoot, run, work hard, and win for this country like the men of this country do. Women have been in combat for a long time, but now women are actually in combat rather than helping the men out with injuries, being a laundresses, a cook, and a nurse. Women can go into combat, just like a man. Women should be let onto infantry and artillery positions. Women have been involved in our nation’s military since the Revolutionary War, serving not only as nurses and cooks, butRead MoreWhen Should The United States Use Its Military?1494 Words   |  6 PagesWhen should the United States use its military? One of the biggest controversies facing America today is war. The US has been involved in many wars and violent conflicts throughout our history. To politicians, it may seem like using our military is an easy solution for problems here and in other countries. However, it does not come without consequences, including the obvious one;loss of lives. Even if the United States wins the conflict they have inserted themselves in, it cannot be forgottenRead MoreYellow Press And Its Effects On The United States863 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1800’s expansion was taking place and many countries were trying to gain independence from colonies. This was a point in history when many countries wanted to gain to gain more land, resources, stronger militaries and overall power. At this time Cuba was controlled by Spain also known as the Spanish. Cubans wanted independence but the Spanish and their military forces were too powerful to defeat by themselves. The Spanish treated the Cubans ve ry harsh by starting concentration camps. ManyRead MoreIrregular Warfare Against Isis / Isil1415 Words   |  6 Pagesa macro state, which includes many countries in the Middle East: Cyprus, Jordan, Kuwait, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, and part of Syria. ISIS is known for its uncompromising interpretation of Islam. The group is responsible for brutal violence against Shia Muslims and Christians. They started an attack against the Iraqi government forces in June of 2014 and many mercenaries joined the group. ISIS has gain great popularity since last year and has become a big threat to the whole world. The groupRead MoreForeign Affairs During The Civil War1567 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this past semester this class has brought to my attention of what this country is going through with the current election as well as the fight against Isis, and that is we have been through it all before. We started from the ending of the Civil War examining how it has changed our country fo r the better as well as how the war started a push on domestic affairs within this country. From then to present time many of the roles of government has been equally overpowering as well as barelyRead MoreWhy Was The Fall Of The United States Fall773 Words   |  4 Pagesother political troubles. The fall of the United States is unlikely to be an invasion, but rather a devaluing of government institutions, diverging regional and cultural groups. All backed by strong political and economic influences and changes. Countries like China, despite some issues, have shown major economic growth are outperforming other nations in many areas. The United states was founded on many of the same underlying principles that made Rome the successful empire it was but there are alsoRead MoreEssay on Imperialism in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s665 Words   |  3 Pagesauthority of a nation over a foreign country, usually in material gain. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, the Unit ed States went through an era of imperialism. At the time, the US was quite powerful, but was looking to continue to spread their territory, make themselves even stronger, and have multiple trade routes to have all the resources they needed and wanted. There were three major policies that the US used during this era. One policy is the Big Stick Diplomacy. The president at theRead MoreThe Big Stick : President Of The United States Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagessoftly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.† He wielded that big stick, or convincingly threatened to, with remarkable efficacy during the early twentieth century. The big stick that President Roosevelt carried with him was the superior muscle power of the United States military. â€Å"Historically, power has been measured by such criteria as population size and territory, natural resources, economic strength, military force, and social stability. Hard power enables countries to wield carrots

Malcolm X And Mia Mckenzie - 1035 Words

For years problems in society and ethics have existed in America, among these problems, many great thinkers have emerged, but two of the most influential of this century are Malcolm X and Mia McKenzie. Malcolm X was one of many civil rights leaders during the 1960’s, who alongside Martin Luther King Jr. was able to bring an end to the segregation laws of the United States. Mia McKenzie is an African American writer who has written countless books, and addresses the issues of racism, queerness, class, and gender in the modern decade. Both of these extravagant leaders are advocates for rights among less represented groups in society, and share many similarities and differences through their ideas and politics. However there are three†¦show more content†¦With a time period of unjust treatment of people of color, and a childhood filled with trauma from inequality, it is easy to see that Malcolm X’s time and place he resided in having a great influence to his belie fs and ideas. Not only had Malcolm X been greatly influenced by the time period he lived in, but also living in Harlem, New York brought him closer to the people who endured all of the nauseous history of racial inequality. Mia McKenzie was also influenced by time and place, as she too grew up in a time of American history of Anti-gay and Anti-sexual orientation. Mia grew up in Philadelphia, and why not subjected to segregation, she was highly exposed to racism. In her book Black Girl Dangerous she speaks of the hardships and struggles she has undergone as a queer person of color such as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. With these problems still prevalent in modern society, it is clear that the time period and place she lives in have attributed to her ideas and beliefs. Her childhood of bullies and racial slurs adds on to her influence of beliefs. Mia McKenzie also fights the new version of segregation which is a sexual orientation, giving her the same values and credibility to speak on the subject as Malcolm x has in racial inequality. Together both of these critical thinkers share a common influence of time and place even though they are over fifty years apart. The first way Mia McKenzie and Malcolm X are similar is the influence of mass culture.

Tranquility of a Cemetery Free Essays

As we come in to a cemetery, we might be filled with fears or have some sort of dreadful feeling. Our first impression may be of dark cold nights and ended lives. What is a scary and dreadful place for some people; it is a very meaningful place for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Tranquility of a Cemetery or any similar topic only for you Order Now This place is so meaningful to me because my father is buried there. Cemeteries are important to bringing perspective and serenity, because they bring us a connection to where we came from, it helps us realize the tenderness of life, and they help us to relax a little bit through their calmness. I have had so many things impact my life and they all seem to end up in the same place. Cemeteries are not the dreaded and scary things of superstitions. They are holding places for memories and faith. The memories I hold from Bellevue memorial park are not from within the place itself but from the people it holds. It helped me realize the delicacy of life by taking many people I loved before I expected them to go. My father is buried in my most meaningful place; my grandma and one of my uncles are there too. The day we buried my dad it was a beautiful day outsides, it was nice and sunny although it looked like it was going to rain. As I entered the cemetery I saw tombstones piled up from left to right and right to left , there’s was people buries in every direction. On one corner there are tombstones dated as far back as the 1800’s, those are the oldest tombs. Then there’s a section as you are coming in to the cemetery, called the mausoleum. As you go in there it’s very quiet, but the smell of the mausoleum is the same smell of a rotting piece of meat. As you approach to the middle section of the cemetery there is the baby section. This section is always filled with balloons flowers and all kinds of decorations, for their birthdays or special occasions. This is the saddest section of the whole cemetery because you always see at least 1 mother crying to their dead child. In the older sections of the cemetery there where caskets coming out the ground, you could see that since they have been there too long the dirt has pushed them out. I walked around the whole cemetery and I felt sad for all f these people that have lost their lives in accidents, crimes, or just health problems. I kind of felt like I was in fear of losing my life too, because I was surrounded by death. As we approached to the section where my father was going to be buried, it smelled like fresh flowers and plants, but if u smelled deep enough there was a humid smell in the air of the rotting corpses underneath the ground I was stepping on. I’ve been at this ce metery three times and as close as I can remember it felt the same. I felt scared, anxious; my heart beat was accelerating as we were getting closer to putting my loved ones underground. The grass was green and freshly cut; it seemed as if they had just cut it for this occasion. Every time I go to the cemetery I’m not scared anymore I feel peaceful, when you go there you get relaxed because it’s very quiet, there is no sound in sight all u can hear is the static in your ears. Also it’s hard to explain the emotions you get as you enter a cemetery; you feel sad, scared, anxious lots of mixed emotions. One thing I remember the most is the feeling of knowing that once my dad was going underground I was never going to see him again all I was left with was his memory and his tomb. How to cite Tranquility of a Cemetery, Papers

Marketing Management of Singapore-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Singaporean Market for launching the wireless charger by Aircharge. Answer: Introduction: Aircharge is an electronics company that provides the customers with wireless charging solutions for office, public venues and hoe intended to power up the mobile devices with the help of daily routine. Aircharge redefines the common behaviour of waiting for battery to drain before device has been set in charge. Organization intends to make running short of battery a thing of past by launching its new product that is executive wireless charger. It is one of the most progressive technology designer of wireless charger in the market of United Kingdom (Air-charge.com 2017. In todays world, a lot of attention is being received by the technology that is wireless charging for mobile customer devices. In consumer electronics, wireless charging is on the way to become a must have consumer feature. There is a mainstream adoption of wireless charger as it has crossed its chasm. The differentiating factor of Aircharge is embracement of technological features in to its new products that is convenient and simple (Air-charge.com 2017). This particular product line of Aircharge is to be introduced in market of Singapore. Competitor analysis was conducted for several electric devices in Singapore market. It was ascertained that market share for wireless charger is lower and executive wireless charger has been launched in Singapore. However, there was declining market due to potential partners and venues. Business or organization expanding by introducing wireless charger would be funding the production of wireless charger that will bring wireless charging to all the available phones. The growth of wireless market in Singapore has been owing to weak manufacturing sector of Singapore and sluggish global economy (Armstrong et al. 2015). Discussion: Customer analysis: Segmentation approach- The market for wireless charger has been segmented based upon technology, source of energy, region, capacity range and application. The market size of the capacity range of power bank has been estimated to be between 500mAh and above 15000 mAh. Customers least prefers wireless charger with lower capacity. Over the forecast period, wireless charger with a high capacity having a high market share is expected to dominate the market (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Demographic The rising awareness of customers has been responsible for significant increase in demand of wireless charger. Among consumers, the awareness of wireless charging is attributable to technological advancement in mobile devices. Psychographic- The growth of customer electronic segment is boosted due to increasing proliferation of internet of things. Wireless charging becomes a convenient method of powering an internet on things network due to complication and incompatibility of methods of electric changing (Foxall 2014). Wireless charging is basically designed for the customers who travel on daily basis such as office goers and business travellers and other business that are involved in dealing with electronics. The level of consumer adoption for wireless charging is attributable to factors such as easy charging convenience, proprietary charges elimination and enabling the new business to consumer advantage (Keller and Kotler 2016). Wireless charging has become permeating and permanent aspect of daily journey of target consumers. Behavioural- Some of the factors that are driving the se of wireless charger in Singaporean market are falling prices of wireless charger, increase in the smartphones demands, large-scale digitization leading to mounting power consumption. The market for wireless charger is restrained by the factors such as poor quality of wireless charger, improvement in terms of batteries, wireless charging implementation in smartphones. Huge market opportunities for the wireless charger can be created due to introduction of hydrogen and solar-based wireless charger. Targeting strategy- The evaluation of market segment is done by deciding upon the number of segments that the organization intends to serve. Targeting strategy is the selection of particular sets of customer using various approach so that the products are appropriately targeted. The Singaporean market for wireless charger is highly profitable where only few players can be accommodated. Wireless charger launched by Aircharge can be differentiated in terms of quality of products and service provided (Ekpo et al. 2015). Definable- The chosen target market will be the residents of Singapore. Differentiating characterisations of this particular product is that it can be charged at over 4,000 public Qi wireless charging locations worldwide. Sizable- The segment of wireless charging accounted for relatively high share of revenue that is valued at more than US $ 400 million in year 2015. The valuation of segment as per the forecast in year 2015 was lore than at US $ 350 million. Reachable- There were 4.4 million users of Internet in Singapore in year 2015 and it was ascertained that several social media platform were used by Singaporeans such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube using their mobile phones. Facebook was the most active social platform Relevant- The segment of consumer electronics is considered as the most attractive segment in terms of revenue during the forecast period. Many of the android phones make use of wireless charging and Qi is the most common wireless charging standard. Environmental impact of charger would be reduced and wireless charging into devices uses disposable batteries (Weinstein and Pohlman 2015). Since the cost of wireless charging pad is too low and it is definitely with having. Target audience profile: The key target audience of wireless charger will be office goers, business travellers electronic design vendors, key manufacturers, chips providers, wireless-charging associations, wireless charging vendors, universities that are working for the wireless development technology along with raw materials and technology providers. . Positioning strategy: Positioning statement- The objective of properly positioning the product in the market is to keep the products at top of customers minds when they are intending to purchase it. It is essential for organization to achieve few objectives for properly positioning the products. The aircharge wireless charger is an economical and safe charging device having inductive charging system (Usui 2013). Positioning map- Perceptual positioning map is often prepared by marketers in planning their positioning and differentiation strategies. It depicts the perception of customer towards the brand on important buying decisions for competing products. A product can be placed in different way and this comprise of use or application, level of quality, attitude or benefit (Pealoza et al. 2013). Perceptual map: (Source: created by author) The wireless charger introduced by Aircharge will be placed in Singapore having medium price and of good quality that will help in attracting the target market. Quality approach helps in placing the product. For positioning the product, quality approach is considered very essential. A high price would be charged for covering higher costs and to believe the customers that product is of higher quality (Baker 2014). Marketing strategy: Marketing objectives- The marketing plan would set out for achieving wireless charger than has not been made by anyone in the market. Promotion of products will b done in the way that it catch the glimpse of everyone. It is essential for the organization to display and inform that wireless charger provides a convenience method of charging. The product has the potential of charting the top of market. The main objectives of marketing plan while launching the products are as follows: Capturing significant share of market for wireless charger and mobile devices. Achieving market leadership through skilful marketing of products that are technologically superior. Achieving and initiating full roll out of products within the deadline. SMART objectives: The marketing campaign objective of Aircharge is to increase the market if wireless charger in the Singaporean market from 0% to 0.03% during the first year of its launching. The market value of wireless charger at the global level is 33.5%. Xiaomi is the top brand selling the wireless charger in Singapore. Product strategy: Three layers of products are Core- Longer transfer distance and provides customer with high charging speed. It has a component that is supporting multiple standards on a single chip. The wireless charger of Aircharge is easy to set up and use. The product has compatibility with almost all the devices and does not require additional charging battery doors. Actual- It is equipped with inductive charging technology that assist the users in attaching the charging cable when the users are need of charging their device. The charger will be sleek and it will be launched in two colours that is black and golden. It is essential for the product to be placed in proper location on pad. There is a build in LED indicator in the device that alert the users when they have acquired good charging alignment. The wireless charger of Aircharge comes in three variant and their availability in terms of colour varies by country. It has an anodized aluminium shell (Meffert 2013). Augmented- Customers can order the product online by visiting the companys websites or by installing the Aircharge app. Customers have the option of making the payment through cash on delivery and by using their debit or credit card. The product takes up minimal desktop and is easy to carry and transport. Stage analysis of product life analysis: The wireless charging seems to be positively impacted due to growing application and increasing technological advancement. Therefore, the market of Aircharge will be influenced by long-range applicability and the growth of wireless charger is fuelled by various advancement. Market will apply growth stage in the product life cycle. The market for wireless charging is expanded by growing penetration of smartphones, falling prices and convenience while using it. Wireless charger launched by Aircharge is in introduction stage as per the product life cycle as it is new to the market to Singapore (Johnston and Marshall 2015). It has been found as per survey that majority of users in the target market make use of wireless charger. The product is launched in the market by attracting the customers and then reaching the stage. Product experience decline stage after it has reached maturity. Pricing strategy: The pricing strategy that will be followed by Aircharge cost based pricing strategy that involves determining the cost of products, designing the products and eventually setting the price of products based on costs. The price of product that will, be charged to customers in first year will depend by understanding the different costs that will be applied to the products that leads to achieving of 10% of mark-up. Decrease in variable cost will lead to declining unit price of wireless charger. The pricing decision is affected by variables of marketing mix and some of the internal factors influencing pricing decisions of wireless charger in Singapore is organization considerations, objectives, marketing mix and marketing objectives. External factors influencing the pricing decisions are competition, nature of demand and market and some of environmental factors such as government policies and economic factors. Penetration pricing- This particular pricing strategy will help Aircharge in gaining the market share in Singapore. Such strategy is adopted in launching new products by organization to acquire share of market from their competitors. Skimming pricing- In this type of strategy, the marketer would set high price for their products initially that is considered as temporarily version of discrimination. This helps the marketers in attracting the price sensitive segment. Place strategy: Aircharge will be distributing its wireless chargers and reaching to the selected the market with the help of distributors. Organization will mostly sell its product through retailers, mobile operators and also using their online platform. Initially, there will be few outlets of Aircharge selling wireless charger. Later on depending upon its acceptance by customers, the outlet will be further increased. Organization would employ software solutions such as content management system for enhancing and assisting in selling their products. This software would help organization in assisting them with storage of files and documents related with products. Promotion strategy: Advertising- The websites of organization will be used as a source of advertising platform and initially, advertisement will be limited to two websites. Advertisement will be done for attracting the target customer segment and this will help in boosting the sales of product. The promotion of products is also enables by way of advertising and this method is very common among all types of producers. Magazines- The target audience is comprised of youth, business travellers who are likely to read the magazines. Since the wireless charger is targeted to the individuals requires charging their laptops and mobile phones, it is ideal to advertise the buying of charger. Direct and Internet marketing- Internet marketing is one of the widest and the most common platform for advertising the wireless charger and for targeting the selected market segment. This is so because majority of people have access to internet and advertising using the internet platform will help in publicizing the product. In order to tract the market that it has reached through internet marketing, Aircharge would provide the customers with special code that would be provided on YouTube video and Facebook. In order to find more about products in detail, interested audience can visit the website of company (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Sales promotion- The methods adopted for promoting the products will help in publicizing the products and stimulates in making immediate sales. It is one of the integrated marketing communication. One of the methods adopted by organization for promoting the product is public relation as they strive for creation of good image of the enterprises in the eyes of Singaporean customers. An immediate demand is created with the employment of this method. One of the example of public relation that will be followed by organization is donating the business house in published media that helps in spreading some of the noble ideas of the products launched in the Singaporean market (Dickinson 2014). Conclusion: A healthy and actively lifestyle is encouraged by Singaporean government that are actively engaged in the development of lifestyle of their citizens. Marketing mix provides the dominant marketing is paradigm that helps in the identification of trend, market development and environmental changes. The different segment of the attitude of customers toward the 4P is evaluated for meeting the business profitability. Compared to other options available in the Singaporean market, the price of wireless charger of Aircharge is marked competitively. Positioning of the products has been done in the way that it will help in attracting the target segments and making a broad appeal. Aircharge should focus on building the loyalty of their brand that will help in building the customer base and retaining them. The main goal of organization is to build the product life vehicle of wireless charger and gain market share. Reference: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015. Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Air-charge.com. (2017).About us - Aircharge. [online] Available at: https://www.air-charge.com/about-us/discover-aircharge [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]. Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016. Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Baker, M.J., 2014. Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Dickinson, J.R., 2014. The marketing management experience. Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, 27. Eastman, J.K., Eastman, K.L., Gleim, M.R., Lawson, S.J., Robinson, S.G., Huang, L., Moore, R.L., Moore, M.L., Shanahan, K.J., Horky, A. and Mack, B., 2015. Marketing management. Ekpo, A.E., Riley, B.K., Thomas, K.D., Yvaire, Z., Gerri, G.R.H. and Muoz, I.I., 2015. As worlds collide: The role of marketing management in customer-to-customer interactions. Journal of Business Research, 68(1), pp.119-126. Foxall, G., 2014. Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing) (Vol. 3). Routledge. Goworek, H. and McGoldrick, P., 2015. Retail marketing management: Principles and practice. Pearson Higher Ed. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Iacobucci, D., 2014. Marketing management. Cengage Learning. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2015. Marketing management. McGraw-Hill Education. Keller, K.L. and Kotler, P., 2016. Marketing management. Pearson. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Swee-Hoon, A., Siew-Meng, L. and Chin-Tiong, T., 2017. Principles of Marketing, an Asian Perspective. Pearson Higher Ed. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Ancarani, F. and Costabile, M., 2014. Marketing management 14/e. Pearson. Meffert, H., 2013. Marketing-Management: AnalyseStrategieImplementierung. Springer-Verlag. Pealoza, L., Toulouse, N. and Visconti, L.M. eds., 2013. Marketing management: A cultural perspective. Routledge. Ramaswamy, V.S. and Namakumari, S., 2013. Marketing management: Global perspective, Indian context. MacMillan. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015. Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Usui, K., 2013. The development of marketing management: The case of the USA c. 1910-1940. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Weinstein, A. and Pohlman, R.A., 2015. Customer value: a new paradigm for marketing management. In Proceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 132-133). Springer, Cham.

TERROISM UNIT 9 Essay Example

TERROISM UNIT 9 Essay Terrorism Name: Course: Institution: We will write a custom essay sample on TERROISM UNIT 9 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on TERROISM UNIT 9 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on TERROISM UNIT 9 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tutor: Date: Terrorism The Impact of Terrorism on the Police Mission Terrorists attacks in the U.S have made a significant different in many departments of the federal. The security department is the most affected. The police department in specific has had to come up with several policies and make a few changes in order to make the significant impact. Concerning the police mission, they are now more careful and more analytical in every case or suspicion they handle (The Council of State Governemnts, 2005). They are no longer only analytical with the immigrants only, but now they are also analytical on the citizens. This is because some attacks have been made by the U.S citizens. To the police, every body is a suspect and capable of either carrying out or facilitating a terrorist attack. Although the terrorist attacks are more serious than the local deaths as they lead to more deaths and casualties, the crimes performed in the neighborhood or locally are taking longer to solve. The police are paying too much attention to the big crimes and overlooking some things that lead to the small crimes. Unlike in the past decades, today, special units have been set aside to specialize in terrorist activities, which include terrorist, groups, threats and those countries that are hosts to terrorist groups such as the Middle East countries (Bayley Perito, 2010). Nowadays, the police department has put it upon itself to monitor the immigrants more critically than before. The monitoring is more critical on the immigrants from the Arab countries or countries that are considered a threat to the U.S. The police mission is to protect all the people of the United States. For this case, there are security issues that have been emphasized as compared to other issues especially after the 9/11 attack. There are more security check-ups, more scrutiny on immigrants and through follow-up on the slightest suspicion of any terrorist threat or activity. Appropriate Law Enforcement Behavior The immigration policy is one of the most prominent arguments relating to the terrorism issues in the United States. The disagreements concern the extent at which the immigrants’ privacy and activities should be monitored. The president argues that the immigrants should be given the same freedom and treatment as the other American citizens, while the other opposing parties argue that there should be stricter policies governing immigration and the immigrants. These include limiting the number of immigrants who are being granted the American citizenship, putting more security at the borders, more scrutiny and vetting at the American embassies before people are given visas to come to the United States amongst other policies ad regulations (Bayley Perito, 2010). It is true that some precautions and regulations interfere with the people’s liberty. For example, the American streets, roads and buildings are filled with cameras. Although it is a protection measure, there are those who argue that too many cameras are interfering with the people’s privacy. In other cases, the concerned federal authorities in charge of security listen to the phone conversations, read the emails and text messages of the people. These extreme measures are more applied on the immigrants who are from the countries hosting terrorist organizations and those being suspected of engaging in suspicious activities. Since the 9/11 attack, stricter measures have been taken (Schulhofer, 2002). However, there are those who argue that these strict measures are affecting particular groups as compared to all the people. Immigrations policies are stricter, limiting the level of legal migration as much as they can, in order to lower the risk of terrorists entering the country. The strict monitoring of the borders and the limiting the level of legal immigration is beneficial. However, these policies should not interfere with the privacy and the liberty of the people of America. This is what the president is putting across. Social Stigma and Police Ethics The social stigma on immigrants from the Arab countries or the people of the Muslim religion has made the police department more careful of their ethical conduct especially after the 9/11 attack (Schulhofer, 2002). Although the police may be tempted to suspect any person from Muslim countries thus being more critical with them as compared to the other countries, it is unethical for them to have legally acceptable reasons when conducting any surveillance or for invading any form of their privacy. There is also a social stigma on the immigrants especially with the ongoing debates concerning the level of legal migration that should be allowed. This area touches on the ethical values of the people. It is ethically required of the police to treat all people, no matter the background, origin, gender or race, in line with their rights, even though they have enough evidence connecting them with a particular criminal act. It is also required of them to follow the right procedures when follow up on a lead concerning a terrorist activity or a suspect (Bayley Perito, 2010). Social stigma has played a role in reducing police corruption. For example, any suspicion of any terrorist activity is being taken seriously as compared to the previous years. In the past, one had to have concrete evidence before any suspected terrorist activity was given the concentration it deserves (The Council of state Governments, 2005). The checks in the airports, train stations and other transport stations were on as severe as it is today. Police were not as careful as they are today. All the immigrants are being fully searched despite their country of origin. Ethical Forces and Police Corruption The ethical forces behind the police corruption are not different with the ethical forces behind the use of police force. The ethical forces concerning police corruption are a matter of how the police conduct themselves. Similarly, the ethical forces behind police force concern the police treatment of the public. Both ways concern the public. For example, the police are required to treat every situation with the seriousness it deserves. The police are asked not to accept any bribes or tokens form the public as a way of motivating them to act. This ethical force requires them to follow the right procedures whether they are dealing with a terrorism case or a case concerning the local crimes (Bayley Perito, 2010). If a member of the public comes in with a claim that he/she has been molested and then another member comes in with a claim that he/she is suspecting a terrorist activity, both cases should be attended. Leaving one case unattended and putting all the concentration on the othe r is not in line with ethical forces. However, the suspicion on terrorist activity may be allocated more resources as compared to the former. Individual Conscience and Police Assignments Police are people who have a conscience just like the rest of the public. Like any other people, they are tempted to act in accordance with their conscience. However, this is against their ethical and professional requirements. For example, they are cannot just start searching someone (invading privacy) because they ‘feel’ that something is not right. They must have tangible evidence. A police officer cannot stop a Muslim citizen or an immigrant from an Arab country because they suspect that he is engaging in terrorism activity. There must be evidence to prove this ‘feeling’ (Bayley Perito, 2010). The individual conscience should not interfere with a police officer’s assignment. The right procedures should be followed and when any arrests or searches are made. This is despite the fact that a police officer may have a few ‘hunches’, connecting the suspect with the activities (Schulhofer, 2002). If they are not legally acceptable, the police officer cannot act entirely on the conscience. However, a police officer can follow up on a lead or a suspicion without interfering with the rights of the individual. If the police find legal reasons warranting of other extreme measures, then they can be taken. Police training on Ethical Dilemmas Police encounter and will continue to encounter ethical dilemmas in the field or in their assignment. This is because there are situations that come where one needs to take either of the extreme measure. If a one fails to know hoe to handle an ethical dilemma when in training, it might harder for the individual to handle it when he/she comes across such a situation. It is therefore significant ethical dilemma training be done before one is released to take up the real life assignments. This can be done by preparing the officers that they will come across cases where they have to choose between bad and good (Bayley Perito, 2010). For example, one might come across a situation where he/she has to shoot a relative, friend, or close family member in order to save victims of a perpetrator. This is if the family member or the relative is the perpetrator. In many cases, people in the police department may be forced to make many sacrifices. Sometimes, these sacrifices involve choosing the public over ones family. It also involves risking the life of one in order to save many. Although this is easier when being theoretically taught than when one practically experiences it, the training prepares the officers psychologically. It is also good for the department to have professional councilors or psychologists so that these officers are well taken care of when such situations come up (Bailey Perito, 2010). References Bayley, D. H., Perito, R. (2010). The police in war: Fighting insurgency, terrorism, and violent crime. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Schulhofer, S. J. (2002). The enemy within: Intelligence gathering, law enforcement, and civil liberties in the wake of September 11. New York: Century Foundation Press. The Council of State Governments. (2005). The Impact of Terrorism on State Law Enforcement. Eastern Kentucky University, April.

Role and Functions of Law Paper Essays (885 words) - Legal History

Role and Functions of Law Paper Essays (885 words) - Legal History Role and Functions of Law Paper LAW/421 Contemporary Business Law Instructor: KURT LOFLAND November 9, 2015 Abstract As we all know that law plays an important role in the successful day to day operation of a business and society, it can also help keep behavior intact and regulate standards. The law in fact is put in place not only to correct criminal, or dishonest behavior, but also to protect. In todays society often times the cure for any type of wrong doing is to sue; it seems that people use suing as a means of getting what they feel is due to them for any type of discomfort or injustice. In the business world tough decisions regarding employment regulatory compliance, even interoffice regulations are decided on every day. Now in this essay I will define the functions and role of law in business and society and discuss the functions and the roles of law in my present day job. What is Law? According to Melvin law is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having legal binding force (2011). Many laws are enforced and some contain strict rules that should be enforced if the laws are violated or broken. In the business world the law often times has precedence on how some companies operate. For example, if a company produces paint by law it cannot dump toxic chemicals into the environment without suffering stiff federal penalties or even shout down of businesses. As business owner they must have the knowledge of what the business specializes in, therefore there can often be oversights regarding legal issues, so that their companies/ business does not suffer the penalties that comes with breaking the rules and laws that have been placed to keep people safe. Now some laws are rolled out for businesses and society to help protected the consumers. Some of these laws are in detail in the US Constructional and are classified as Criminal and Civil Law, Substantive and Procedural Law, and Public and Private Law. Criminal Law defines certain behavior as illegal and lists the elements the government must prove to convict a person of a crime. As we also aware law is an essential part of what allows business and society to be successful. Societys uses law to keep the peace, enforce standards of conduct, maintain order, facilitate planning, and promote social justice (Barnes, Dworkin, & Richards, 2011). Categories of Law There are four common types of law each have a different purpose. Constitutional law deals with the interpretation and implantation of federal and state constitutions, the Constitution is the highest form of the law. Laws must agree with the Constitution or they are unconstitutional and not upheld in federal court. The Constitution is amended only in extraordinary and extreme cases. Statutory law is written by the legislative branch and approved by the executive branch of government. Statutes at the local level are known as ordinances. Court systems designate common laws by way of a precedent. A precedent is set by a ruling in a previous case in the appropriate court of law and is later determines the outcome of another case. Administrative law authorizes the authority of the executive branch and government agencies, for example; laws created by the Food and Drug Administration. Along with the four types of law there are also three common categories of law. Each of these categories relate differently to society and businesses. However the categories of law in many cases can overlap and are not mutually exclusive. There are laws that are either criminal or civil. Criminal law deals with crime and the punishment for committing criminal infractions, and civil law deals with disputes between people and organizations to determine compensation for a perceived wrong. Procedural law is a set of rules guiding the proceedings of the court. These rules ensure due process. Substantive law is the legal relationship between people or between people and the state. To compare procedural and substantive law, procedural law is the rules and substantive law is the duties of the people. Public laws are between the people and the reigning government. Public laws are between the people. Types and categories of law are important in both society and business. Laws at My Present Job At my

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Article

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology - Article Example And finally, the paper will discuss the electronic privacy laws. The VeriChip: An Implantable Chip: this is a simple technology that involves implanting an electronic chip under the skin of an individual. This chip has the capacity of storing up to six lines of text, and can function as a personal ID number. This chip emits a 125-kilohert radio signal that is received by a special receiver that reads the text signal (Hodge, 2003). The chip once implanted, can track the individual from everywhere he/she goes. The wOzNet: A wearable chip: unlike the VeriChip which is an implantable identification device, the wOzNet is a wearable chip which acts as a commercial identification device (Fortt, 2003). The wOzNet is responsible for tracking a group of inexpensive electronic tags from a central station using Global Positioning Satellite information. In this regard, the transmission of location of information from the chip to the base station is via the same 900-megahertz radio spectrum equivalent to the one used by portable phones (Fortt, 2003). In the event the wOzNet user sets the parameter for notification, the later will generate alerts via phone or e-mail that lets the owner know the position of the one being tracked. Networked Computing: Spyware and Adware: Networked computers together with networking computer programs link different millions of users through the internet. Spyware and adware are controversial computer applications that run on networked computers. Spyware for instance is a program that installs itself without the computer user’s permission, and uses the computer resources without your permission. Spyware are responsible for collecting both non-personal and personal information from networked PCs and delivering adware to specific individuals surfing the Web. Compensated Telemarketing: Listening for Dollars: This technology also allows commercialization of personal information (Foley, 2004). The proposal by Funk and Ayres enables

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Science 3.11 - Lab Report Example This paper outlines a procedure for cleaning up oil spills in the sea. All the four methods helped in cleaning up the water. The feather dipped in oil and water mixture was different from the one dipped in the oil spill cleaned water. There were challenges of what to do with the oils spill after it was collected from the water. The cotton balls absorbed water as well as the oil. The dish detergent only broke the oil and it does not remove the oil from the water while use of Styrofoam is time consuming, and they also act as pollutants. The home clean-up process is easier as compared to the one in the ocean since there are wind and currents in the ocean which causes the oil spill to move and at times mix with the water making the clean up difficult. Use of paper towels in cleaning up oil spills is more effective as compared to other methods. They absorb the oil without absorbing water as compared to the cotton balls. They are also faced with the challenge of what to do with the collected oil spills, which may be broken down using the dish detergent. Oil spill in oceans and seas is a universal tragedy that is causing environmental pollution and death of marine creatures. There is a need to adopt an oil cleaning procedure that will clean oil spills as soon as they occur and prevent their adverse impacts. I would recommend modification of the paper towel to enable application in large ships and water vessels to enable clean up which will not only be cheap but also

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Issues with Offshore Call Centres

Issues with Offshore Call Centres Advancements in communications, software development and other technologies have enabled practically every type of business to expand its services to off-shore locations with the probable choices of countries where both the infrastructure and specific needs of the clients can easily be met. Examples of such services include but are not limited to call-centers, as also the subject of our present dissertation, back office operations, insurance claim processing, revenue accounting as well as web/digital development. Indeed one of the successful areas have the disciplines which involve information technology (IT) related services, making it a crucial element and part of a value chain for present day businesses.  These IT enabled services and business processes are generally sourcedfrom a location where the end-user are not located, hence the remoteprovision of such set of services. The concept behind this phenomenonis to deliver services from off-shore locations using the state of thea rt technologies in communication, also called data networks which mayinclude wireline or wireless. Thus, clients or customers are providedthe same set of services or business processes from workers or subsidiaries based in offshore locations. An example to this respect is that of serving the clients of a multinational in the United Kingdom,where as the individuals involved in serving these clients are located in far off region such as India. In such an environment, there is noneed for the British clients to know about the whereabouts of the individuals serving their particular needs, nor is it necessary for theworkers to divulge such information to the British clients. The gap between the clients and the workers in such a situation is fulfilledthrough the modern forms of communication software. These software enable a British caller for example to place a call to India, withoutrealizing that the call has actually been made to India and in responsean Indian worker will respond to the said query of the British callerrespectively. The objective behind the entire exercise of outsourcingand running an offshore facility by a business operating in the UnitedKingdom or the United States of America is truly economical. As theparent company has to spend only a fraction of the amount otherwiseneeded to run and operate the same set of services in their homecountry (UK or the United States of America). As the global businesses move ever closer to globalization and spreading their business wings in practically every corner of theglobe, outsourcing or setting up off-shore facilities has indeedemerged as one of the fastest and perhaps most successful modes ofaspects of a business value chain. Some of the primary reasons for the immense popularity of the outsourcing include increasing levels ofproductive through measures that are both cheap as well as efficient.Above, all where companies maintain their level of excellence in theservices and businesses processes offered to their clients, the phenomenon of outsourcing has added tremendously to their pool of revenues. One of the first aspects business seek in setting up an offshorefacility is the requisite level of skilled manpower, which is todayavailable in huge quantities in a number of third world countries. Thisskilled manpowers primary and basic requirements include individuals who can speak excellent English, are highly quality conscious, as wellas computer literate. These criteria are found in ample quantify incountries such as India, which has attained the status of being thenumber one choice for companies the world over. Another importantcriteria which business organizations in the Western countries seek arethe factor of cost, as also the largest and most important element inthe entire outsourcing decision. A brief comparison of the wages ofqualified personnel in the United Kingdom or for that matter in theUnited States of America with qualified personnel in India shows thatthere is a huge difference ranging from 70-80 percent. This hugedifference automatically calculates into a net savi ng of 50-60 percentfor the company based in United Kingdom or the United States ofAmerica. Then there is the aspect of customer service and delivery,which accounts for a major element in any business. This particularaspect has been more than emphasized by majority of the businessorganization with their headquarters and principle offices in thewestern countries. The maintenance of exceptional standards and qualityin both the deliveries of services and business processes ensures thatclients and customers alike remain content. It is these set of reasonsthat more than serve as potentials and viable options for setting upoff-shore facilities for products and services for companies, inparticular those with principle bases in the western countries. A briefsurvey of the Fortune 500 companies revealed that more than 200companies from this elite list had already set up their off-shorefacilities in a country where the availability of the above set offacilities had more than provided for their continued and progressivesuccess over the years. (Youndon, 2004) As reiterated in the above lines, the outsourcing phenomenon andsetting up of offshore facilities in a more economical and professionalenvironment is increasingly revolutionizing the entire mode of runningand operating businesses. This is not only in the United Kingdom, theUnited States of America, but in a number of countries of the Europe aswell. The majority of the focus is however limited to the countrieswhere English is the first language spoken, and where the entireclient/customer base is English speaking. It is precisely thiscriterion of the English language that both the United Kingdom andUnited States of America have found third world countries where Englishhas reached the standard and status equal to or nearly equal to thestandards found in the said western countries. The fact that Indiabecame a number one choice in approximately a decades time isprecisely the reason as Indian government and the public both havefocused on making their populations excel in the English langua ge, aswell as the various basic forms of computer literacy. Youdon, E., writing in his book Introduction to Outsourcing printedby Prentice Hall quotes studies carried out by an American surveygroup, Cutter Consortium notes that outsourcing has become amainstream phenomenon in the period between 2000 and 2004. The samesurvey also revealed that, unlike the dot.com bubble of the 1980s, thisphenomenon shown no signs of recession. On the contrary the high-techboom initiated by the outsourcing phenomena will more than likely takeon the shape of a permanent trend, one which will keep on increasingwith the passage of time.   (Youndon, 2004) The survey by Cutter Consortium also showed that the rising trends ofoutsourcing has led to extremely high levels of unemployment in thecomputer industry of the United States of America, and in additionthere has been a gradual shift of tens of thousands of IT related jobsto countries such as India, the Philippines, Russia, and China. Thus,one may note that though setting up of offshore businesses has led to atremendous boom for companies and organizations in the UK and theUnited States of America from every practical perspective. The sametrend has resulted in the rising levels of unemployment, particularlyin the US, as also mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. A brief into the not so recent history, say the decade of the 1990swould reveal that even the largest of multinational companies couldnever have imagined, and for some it was a radical thought to moveentire departments from hub of US cities to for example the city ofBanglore in India or to Moscow in Russia. However, the age-old conceptof savings and down-right economics led the path to seekinglower-paying employees, yet this was truly difficult as the advances intelecommunication technology and requisite levels of computer literacywas still a far-off dream for countries such as India and Russia. However, only a decade later, in 2002, there have been such tremendousdevelopments and rising levels of computer literacy, as well as commandover English language in the said countries. This has been combinedwith the simultaneous advances in technology, which duly raised thedemand for offshore facilities. The same offshore facilities has nowreached some 28 percent of the entire IT budget for Europe and theUnited States, a mark reached within two years from 2000 to 2002. Asalso confirmed by the findings of Forester Research in their 2002survey, the allocation of major IT budgets for offshore facilities willlikely increase by a significant percentage in the coming years. Asimilar survey carried out by Gartner Group showed that by year 2004,some 8 out of every 10 CIOs in American organizations had receivedorders to set-up a part, if not entire technology service department tooffshore facilities. The same studies also confirmed that 4 out 5companies would already have taken the step by t he end of year 2004. To name only some of the famous American names who have already set upshop in the different cities of India, Russia, Eastern Europe and Chinainclude computer giants such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Unisys6, andDell. Also included in the list of companies who have established callcenters in above said countries are a number of banks, firms based onthe New Yorks Wall Street, insurance companies, as well asmultinationals such as General Electric who serve their clients with atruly information-intensive network and IT departments. Credit-cardcompanies, consumer appliances companies as well as a number of otherindustries have also established offshore call centers. (Robinson andKalkota, 2004) The offshore facilities of business organization, irrespective of theirorigin in the United Kingdom or the United States of America haveattained the status of the principal phenomena, as also reiterated inthe above paragraphs. Majority of these who have set up shop asoffshore facilities are those involved in software development,maintenance, project management, and it is these particular segments ofIT industries that are earmarked to witness tremendous growth in thecoming decades. Unlike the dot-com bobble of the 1980s decade, thereare no signs that these phenomena of outsourcing, including callcenters will likely see a period of recession in the near future.However, there are questions put up by economic pundits, such as thelikelihood of leveling off, say at 10 15 percent or at a higher levelof 50 percent with the focus on overall employment within the sameindustries. The answers to such queries are the same, which is thecontinued growth and competition will remain and serve as the principletrigger for this spate of continued growth. Taking an insight view of the number of industries which haveestablished call centers in far off and remote regions/countries, itwould be evident that majority of them fall in the category ofknowledge based industries. The phrase of knowledge based industriesis coined precisely to make a distinction with other industries as callcenters are providing just this. They are providing services withstrong points in just two areas of expertise; first is their computerliteracy and second is their command of English language. Thus, one maynote that these two aspects are the core, and perhaps the pivotalreasons for the tremendous success of the call centers, aside from thecost factors for the parent companies based in the United Kingdom orthe United States of America. A brief on the US companies in search of setting up call centers asoffshore facilities shows that they are deemed as innovators in thisparticular phenomenon of outsourcing. In doing so, these companies takeinto account three principle aspects, which also serve as potentialconflicts with the consumers. One of the first aspects which assists these businesses is theeconomics and high speeds offered in the telecommunication and Internetfacilities for call centers, as compared to similar facilities say adecade ago. Examples to this effect include mortgage-approvaldepartment of a business which wishes to set up a call center facility,as the business would be least concerned whether it is a technologicalpioneer or not. Similarly such businesses need not worry about the highcosts incurred in advanced telecommunications which may otherwise wipeout any savings achieved from strategy of employing low wage employees.(Youndon, 2004) Second aspect which serves as a conflict between the businesses settingup call centers through outsourcing and their consumers the widespreadknowledge about the phenomena of call centers and outsourcing. Even ifone were to compare the increasing awareness and knowledge about callcenters with that of, for example a decade ago, it would be evidentthat little was known. For example call centers now include in theiragenda conferences held amongst the various call centers throughvideo-phone, or even video conferencing; the increase use and knowledgeof consultants for call centers who assist in such processes asselection of vendors, negotiation of contracts, and management ofadministrative and financial details. In this context, the overwhelmingwave of information at the disposal of these new breed of consultantsin the call center business may not necessarily guarantee the successof the respective call centers. However, they do enjoy an edge in areasof advice and guidance as compared to th eir counterparts in the ITarena (for example data entry operators/pioneers), say a decade ago. The third aspect which serves as the conflict between the businessesand their consumers over the call centers and outsourcing is theincreasing pressure to investigate into the affairs of the outsourcebusiness, or the call center in our case study. A decade ago, the casewas somewhat opposite, as there was little or no pressure toinvestigate the activities of the outsource businesses. One may notethat the decade of the 1990s was indeed a boom time for a number ofcompanies, and the general atmosphere was one of generous wages and asteady growth of employment. This trend was augmented by competition atthe global level, which also witnessed a steady growth of outsourcingbusiness the world over. Yet, the single most factors that perhapsserved to halt this growth was outgrowth and rising global demands forgoods and services, which outstripped supply. It would take a decade,when this rising demand of goods and services was be somewhat matchsupply, a phenomenon which we presently witness in e ntire outsourcingincluding call centers in the third world countries. Thus, present conditions on the call center arena the world over showthat supply is more than the demand for goods and services. It isprecisely this reasoning, that majority of the companies wishing to setup a call center now have a greater choice to select workers andregions where workers are least expensive. This is more commonlyobserved in the knowledge-based industries, which also includes thecall centers of India, Russia, Philippines, and China. As also a stateof conflict between the companies and their consumers, the first(businesses) are now more pressurized to cut back on costs due tofierce global competition, hence the search for ever more cheaperknowledge based labor force with less demanding working conditions andlow-paying employees respectively. The above section has briefly discussed the phenomenon and trends thathave become a mainstream for call centers, as also some of the businessperspectives from the point of those companies wishing to set up callcenters for economic reasons, competition, and growth of theirrespective organizations. However, the segment of consumers too is ever important and perhapscrucial element of a call center business. As it is the presence ofconsumers for whom the call centers emerge in the first instance.Since, majority of the consumers belong to countries where Englishlanguage is the first language, the emergence of call centers withEnglish language speaking employees is indeed a pre-requisite. The highwages prevalent as well as demanded by employees in the Englishspeaking countries including Canada, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates of America has forced large number of companies to outsourcetheir businesses, in part if not in whole to regions and countrieswhere is ample availability of less paying employees, yet havingcommand of the English language and are computer literate. For this theprobable choice falls on countries such India, the Philippine, theRussia and China. However, the standard and expertise of language orcomputer literacy are not the only factors, which make an ou tsourcingorganization successful. In this respect, the consumers as the principle beneficiaries of callcenters have a rightful demand to obtain services and products that areof optimal quality; a set of factors that has been somewhat left out bythe companies operating call centers in remote regions of the world. Aprime example to this effect can be observed from a complaint from agroup of consumers against call center operators and their employees,which duly resulted in a ruling from a court of public opinion with thefollowing wordings; You have no right to bother us and leave us dangling. And if we dobusiness with you, your word isnt good enough. You have to prove it. Though the above ruling is only a hint at the prevalent unease on thepart of consumers, yet this more than provides for call centeroperators and businesses to polish up their role in the provision ofgoods and services from offshore facilities, and through the use ofemployees with a little different accent, and perhaps little knowledgeon the actual complaint or command when calling up potential clients. The consumers at the end of call centers have also found strongfootings from both the laws and regulations, which have more, thanrestricted the activities of operators of, call centers. This can beobserved in the new set of US Federal regulations which place a limiton call abandonment rates, caller ID blocking, as well as demandinbound upsetting agents to ask consumers for their account IDs, andabove all to record those calls. A similar act favouring Th consumersis the Do-Not-Call or (DNC) registry which may become effective in thevery near future. The DNC is said to have a very strong support fromboth the US Congress as well as the US public. Though the registry hasyet to become fully effective and become a law, there are already morethan 50 million US phone subscribers who have filed for the DNCregistry. All these regulations and acts that are deemed to assistconsumers from the operators and businesses of call centers are perhapshuge hurdles from the perspective of the businesses. As theseregulations and laws, also termed as outbound rules will not onlyrestrict call center operations, but also serve to cost huge job lossesboth within the countries where call centers are operating, as well asthe offshore facilities which have been set to gain economic and othercrucial business advantages. A survey carried out by the American Teleservice Association (A.T.A.)revealed that the outbound rules could mean job losses to the tune ofsome 2 million individuals in the United States alone. As one of thefirst steps taken against the levy of such laws by the US government,legislators and public prosecutors, the A.T.A. has filed suits againstthe DNC regulations. Another aspect to be noted vis-a-vis the consumers at the end of callcenters is that the implementation of regulations and laws benefitingthe US consumers will have a direct affect on the US employees of callcenters, in turn forcing businesses to give importance and focus onoutsourcing and offshore facilities for call center businesses. Thus,even if and when there is a likely shift in the call centers, the joblosses for US employees will probably be effective even without suchlegislations. To satisfy the consumers, the call centers will thushave to comply with such regulations, even if these results in huge joblosses as also mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Yet another set of incentives and benefits for the consumers which alsoserve, as direct conflicts with the businesses are the marketingmethods employed by respective businesses. For example, businesses whenfaced with such strict measures and legislations as stated above mayturn to options such as direct mail, direct response, and inserts inpublications to prompt inbound calls, emails, and chat sessions. Inresponse to such changes in regulations and calls from publicofficials, the call centers at home will have to undergo and bringabout changes. These may include modifications in predictive dialersincluding their complete replacements, replacement of modern callrecording equipments and bring about changes in the mode of sellingfor both inbound and outbound agents, in turn positively affectivityand raising the standard of phone calls to consumers. The call centerson the other hand In contrast, the call centers operating in remote andfar-off locations with advantages in lower costs for both employees andinfrastructure will be least affected from such measures at homegrounds. In this context there are two particular regulations which directlyaffect the call center operations and which also serve as potentialconflicts with the businesses as well. The first is the TelemarketingSales Rule (TSR) which is administered by the US Federal TradeCommission (FTC). The second is the Telephone Consumer Protection Act(TCPA) which falls under the US Federal Communications Commission(FCC). Under the workings of both the FTC and the FCC, businesses are allowedto place calls to consumers who have given prior consent, and who haveenjoyed previous business relationships with the respective firms.There is also a time factor involved in such calls according to whichthere has to be a transaction within the last 18 months, and similarlya period of 90 days must have passed since the last inquiry was placed.On the other hand both these regulatory authorities and theirregulations become ineffective if and when a consumer refuses to accepta call, even if there was a business relationship in the recent past,and it is the obligation of the respective businesses to honor suchrefusals. The levy of and changes in the rules by both the TCPA and TSR havecalled for changes in the outbound calls for call center operations. Anexample to this respect include call abandonment rules, according towhich marketers have to connect live agents to place calls to theconcerned consumers, and this call has to have to duration of 4 ringsor a time limit of 15 seconds, and compliance of neither may result inabandonment of said call/s. A second rule of both the TCPA and TSR restricts the number of callsabandoned to just 3 percent, which are answered by live persons.However the TSR rules measure the same on a per day basis and a percampaign basis, while its sister authority, the TCPA measures the callover a months period. In compliance of such regulations and in response to the complaints ofthe consumers, the TCPA claims that no calls are abandoned if theresponse is in the form of voice messages within 2 seconds of receiptof a consumers call. Similarly the calls are not abandoned if theconsumer has previously consented to receive messages, includingexisting business relationships. (Read, 2004) Though outsourcing is being largely concentrated in areas of softwaredevelopment, maintenance, manufacturing, logistics, and adding thelatest area of knowledge based industries, one may note thatoutsourcing has perhaps been there for the last nearly 2 decades.However, the changes that have perhaps revolutionized the entire out-sourcing business, in particular the emergence of call centers includessuch disciplines as customer, transaction processing, finance andaccounting, human resources, desktop support and software development. The core reason, and perhaps the strongest factor to force theemergence of such huge numbers of call centers in remote regions of theworld such as India and China as prime examples are cost-cuttingstrategies by making earnings look all the more attractive. Included inthe cost-cutting strategies was the wages and salaries of theemployees, truly a major chunk of operating costs, which was dulyreplaced with employees hired at a fraction of what would otherwise bepayable for example within the United States of America or UnitedKingdom. This was amply found in the offshore labor, who were bothcomputer literate as well as well suited to serve the English speakingconsumers on the North American continent, and the United Kingdom. A brief comparison with other process-improvements innovationsincluding but not limited to Total Quality Management, Re-engineering,and Six Sigma, the offshore outsourcing too is predicted to facesomewhat similar consequences, and for arriving such a conclusion, itis only imperative that one studies the cycle of the above saidinnovations measures taken by business organizations. Included in this management drive innovation cycle are 4 principle steps, through each business organization has to undergo. The first is the slope of hype, and one may note that outsourcing, inparticular the emergence of call centers are passing through what maytermed as the honeymoon period, as also evident from the tremendoussuccesses achieved by majority of the organizations setting up callcenters. The duration of the hype period has witnessed a large numberof organizations somewhat copying or initiating projects based on thepresent forms of innovation. This is done to gain experience from thecurrent and ongoing process management techniques, without the need toinvest in experimenting. Another feature of such a tactic is a merepursuit of a competitor within the same industry. An example to thisrespect can be observed in the trends of e-commerce and e-business inthe later part of the 1990s decade. Thus, it was observed thatpractically every business organization was in pursuit of an e-commercestrategy, often without a detailed insight or logical reasons for doingso. A wave of e-commerce companies thus e merged offering best ofservices, and searching for a place in the market as a trustedadvisor in their endeavours to compete win offshore contracts. Suchcompanies were duly aided by venture capitalists that fueled the hypethrough a number of attractive financial instruments. The second principle of process management is that of despair, orrather the slope of despair. As the business enters the slope ofdespair, it is evidence that the honeymoon era, as also described inthe preceding paragraph has come to abrupt end. The offshore projectsinitiated in rather haste, including initiation or blindly following acompetitor with the same industry will witness a failure as noconsideration was given, nor any wieghtage given to the decision ofsetting up an offshore facility, or call center. The result of taking adecision in such haste is that promises to consumers remainunfulfilled, in turn triggering a possible backlash from within theorganization. Recent examples to this respect can be observed in thedecisions to call back and close shop decision taken by famous namessuch as Dell and Lehman Brothers. It is also observed that during thisslope of despair, a large number of organizations that are not seriousin operating offshore facilities would opt for closing down theiroffshore facilities. Further, such companies would either go for acomplete re-evaluation of their principle strategies, while those whoare truly serious in pursuing and benefiting from their offshore plans,continue to excel and strive to maximize their earnings from thetremendous set of advantages hidden in the operation of offshorebusinesses, including call centers. The third important aspect in the process management innovation measureis that of consolidation and assimilation. This step is immediatelyproceeded after that of despair where serious contenders stay on, andthose who step in the market without serious considerations eitherere-evaluate their strategies, or completely fall back and retreat totheir home grounds. The business of e-commerce witnessed similar trendsand behaviors. Having undergone the crucial step of consolidation, abusiness more often than not enters the slope of profit era. As alsoevidenced in majority of the businesses involved in e-commerce, mostorganization have today realized that e-commerce is not a merenecessity, rather a pre-requisite for their businesses. A similar spateof events awaits the offshore business, where call centers arepredicted to reach levels of extra-ordinary profits for their parentorganizations, a likelihood prediction for the end of the presentdecade. The study of the above 4 principle aspects of process managementinnovations shows, as also evident from recent corporate history, thatit is the home countrys economy, which by and large dictates thesuccess or failure of a corporate strategy. Thus, if economy is movingtowards recovery, not only will other businesses suffer, but theoffshore business including call centers will too face the same fate.Similarly, if the home economy is failure, and is continuouslywitnessing a fall, offshore outsourcing as well as all other businesseswill bound to see an acceleration and growth with significant profitmargins who can sustain the ups and falls of offshore businesses.However, there are more than likely chances for the IT sector, inparticular the knowledge based industries which include the callcenters will witness a similar migration as has happened with themanufacturing from the North American and European continents to moveto the Pacific Rim countries. (Gore, 2003) The above section of the dissertation has briefly discussed some of theaspects of offshore call centers including the businesses as well asthe consumers and the conflicts between them. The above section hasprimarily focused on the US businesses as they enjoy the single largestsegment of the global offshore call centers. The is followed by UnitedKingdom enjoying a second place, and which will constitute thefollowing section of our dissertation. The following part will thustake into account a brief history of outsourcing, and move on todiscuss businesses and consumers from the European perspective, with aparticular attention on the implications on the British businesses,British consumers, and the British job markets with respect to callcenters. Having briefly touched the US perspective of outsourcing businesses,the following section discusses the businesses, consumers and theirconflicts from a British point of view. A survey carried by M/s Outsourcing Insight Ltd., Harvard, M., showedthat the year 2000 was a record period for Britain as it witnessed theemergence of some 35,000 call center related jobs, and establishment ofsome 88 call centers. This tremendous growth pattern in the outsourcing business in theUnited Kingdom proved a number of points. For example, it showed that arecord number of businesses had chosen to shift and expand towardsoutsourcing. It also proved that the consumers had a wider choice. Itwas also evident that each call center was offering a more diverse setof services, a more specialized version and an ever-competitiveenvironment to offer for their customers. (Harvard, 2000) However, with the tremendous growth pattern viewed in the expansion ofcall centers, British businesses also realized that there was a crucialneed for an approach that would provide for needed end results andoptimization of their outsourcing objectives. For example, theselection of an outsourcing partner was one such area, which requiredneeded diligence and an equally cautious approach. It was largelyobserved that in their endeavours to increase their market share andcompete in their respective industries, majority of the Britishbusinesses failed to recognize that competition and offering truly highstandards of services and products called for an equally high standardsof capabilities and services. This was only possible in the appropriateselection of an outsourcing partner who fulfil Issues with Offshore Call Centres Issues with Offshore Call Centres Advancements in communications, software development and other technologies have enabled practically every type of business to expand its services to off-shore locations with the probable choices of countries where both the infrastructure and specific needs of the clients can easily be met. Examples of such services include but are not limited to call-centers, as also the subject of our present dissertation, back office operations, insurance claim processing, revenue accounting as well as web/digital development. Indeed one of the successful areas have the disciplines which involve information technology (IT) related services, making it a crucial element and part of a value chain for present day businesses.  These IT enabled services and business processes are generally sourcedfrom a location where the end-user are not located, hence the remoteprovision of such set of services. The concept behind this phenomenonis to deliver services from off-shore locations using the state of thea rt technologies in communication, also called data networks which mayinclude wireline or wireless. Thus, clients or customers are providedthe same set of services or business processes from workers or subsidiaries based in offshore locations. An example to this respect is that of serving the clients of a multinational in the United Kingdom,where as the individuals involved in serving these clients are located in far off region such as India. In such an environment, there is noneed for the British clients to know about the whereabouts of the individuals serving their particular needs, nor is it necessary for theworkers to divulge such information to the British clients. The gap between the clients and the workers in such a situation is fulfilledthrough the modern forms of communication software. These software enable a British caller for example to place a call to India, withoutrealizing that the call has actually been made to India and in responsean Indian worker will respond to the said query of the British callerrespectively. The objective behind the entire exercise of outsourcingand running an offshore facility by a business operating in the UnitedKingdom or the United States of America is truly economical. As theparent company has to spend only a fraction of the amount otherwiseneeded to run and operate the same set of services in their homecountry (UK or the United States of America). As the global businesses move ever closer to globalization and spreading their business wings in practically every corner of theglobe, outsourcing or setting up off-shore facilities has indeedemerged as one of the fastest and perhaps most successful modes ofaspects of a business value chain. Some of the primary reasons for the immense popularity of the outsourcing include increasing levels ofproductive through measures that are both cheap as well as efficient.Above, all where companies maintain their level of excellence in theservices and businesses processes offered to their clients, the phenomenon of outsourcing has added tremendously to their pool of revenues. One of the first aspects business seek in setting up an offshorefacility is the requisite level of skilled manpower, which is todayavailable in huge quantities in a number of third world countries. Thisskilled manpowers primary and basic requirements include individuals who can speak excellent English, are highly quality conscious, as wellas computer literate. These criteria are found in ample quantify incountries such as India, which has attained the status of being thenumber one choice for companies the world over. Another importantcriteria which business organizations in the Western countries seek arethe factor of cost, as also the largest and most important element inthe entire outsourcing decision. A brief comparison of the wages ofqualified personnel in the United Kingdom or for that matter in theUnited States of America with qualified personnel in India shows thatthere is a huge difference ranging from 70-80 percent. This hugedifference automatically calculates into a net savi ng of 50-60 percentfor the company based in United Kingdom or the United States ofAmerica. Then there is the aspect of customer service and delivery,which accounts for a major element in any business. This particularaspect has been more than emphasized by majority of the businessorganization with their headquarters and principle offices in thewestern countries. The maintenance of exceptional standards and qualityin both the deliveries of services and business processes ensures thatclients and customers alike remain content. It is these set of reasonsthat more than serve as potentials and viable options for setting upoff-shore facilities for products and services for companies, inparticular those with principle bases in the western countries. A briefsurvey of the Fortune 500 companies revealed that more than 200companies from this elite list had already set up their off-shorefacilities in a country where the availability of the above set offacilities had more than provided for their continued and progressivesuccess over the years. (Youndon, 2004) As reiterated in the above lines, the outsourcing phenomenon andsetting up of offshore facilities in a more economical and professionalenvironment is increasingly revolutionizing the entire mode of runningand operating businesses. This is not only in the United Kingdom, theUnited States of America, but in a number of countries of the Europe aswell. The majority of the focus is however limited to the countrieswhere English is the first language spoken, and where the entireclient/customer base is English speaking. It is precisely thiscriterion of the English language that both the United Kingdom andUnited States of America have found third world countries where Englishhas reached the standard and status equal to or nearly equal to thestandards found in the said western countries. The fact that Indiabecame a number one choice in approximately a decades time isprecisely the reason as Indian government and the public both havefocused on making their populations excel in the English langua ge, aswell as the various basic forms of computer literacy. Youdon, E., writing in his book Introduction to Outsourcing printedby Prentice Hall quotes studies carried out by an American surveygroup, Cutter Consortium notes that outsourcing has become amainstream phenomenon in the period between 2000 and 2004. The samesurvey also revealed that, unlike the dot.com bubble of the 1980s, thisphenomenon shown no signs of recession. On the contrary the high-techboom initiated by the outsourcing phenomena will more than likely takeon the shape of a permanent trend, one which will keep on increasingwith the passage of time.   (Youndon, 2004) The survey by Cutter Consortium also showed that the rising trends ofoutsourcing has led to extremely high levels of unemployment in thecomputer industry of the United States of America, and in additionthere has been a gradual shift of tens of thousands of IT related jobsto countries such as India, the Philippines, Russia, and China. Thus,one may note that though setting up of offshore businesses has led to atremendous boom for companies and organizations in the UK and theUnited States of America from every practical perspective. The sametrend has resulted in the rising levels of unemployment, particularlyin the US, as also mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. A brief into the not so recent history, say the decade of the 1990swould reveal that even the largest of multinational companies couldnever have imagined, and for some it was a radical thought to moveentire departments from hub of US cities to for example the city ofBanglore in India or to Moscow in Russia. However, the age-old conceptof savings and down-right economics led the path to seekinglower-paying employees, yet this was truly difficult as the advances intelecommunication technology and requisite levels of computer literacywas still a far-off dream for countries such as India and Russia. However, only a decade later, in 2002, there have been such tremendousdevelopments and rising levels of computer literacy, as well as commandover English language in the said countries. This has been combinedwith the simultaneous advances in technology, which duly raised thedemand for offshore facilities. The same offshore facilities has nowreached some 28 percent of the entire IT budget for Europe and theUnited States, a mark reached within two years from 2000 to 2002. Asalso confirmed by the findings of Forester Research in their 2002survey, the allocation of major IT budgets for offshore facilities willlikely increase by a significant percentage in the coming years. Asimilar survey carried out by Gartner Group showed that by year 2004,some 8 out of every 10 CIOs in American organizations had receivedorders to set-up a part, if not entire technology service department tooffshore facilities. The same studies also confirmed that 4 out 5companies would already have taken the step by t he end of year 2004. To name only some of the famous American names who have already set upshop in the different cities of India, Russia, Eastern Europe and Chinainclude computer giants such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Unisys6, andDell. Also included in the list of companies who have established callcenters in above said countries are a number of banks, firms based onthe New Yorks Wall Street, insurance companies, as well asmultinationals such as General Electric who serve their clients with atruly information-intensive network and IT departments. Credit-cardcompanies, consumer appliances companies as well as a number of otherindustries have also established offshore call centers. (Robinson andKalkota, 2004) The offshore facilities of business organization, irrespective of theirorigin in the United Kingdom or the United States of America haveattained the status of the principal phenomena, as also reiterated inthe above paragraphs. Majority of these who have set up shop asoffshore facilities are those involved in software development,maintenance, project management, and it is these particular segments ofIT industries that are earmarked to witness tremendous growth in thecoming decades. Unlike the dot-com bobble of the 1980s decade, thereare no signs that these phenomena of outsourcing, including callcenters will likely see a period of recession in the near future.However, there are questions put up by economic pundits, such as thelikelihood of leveling off, say at 10 15 percent or at a higher levelof 50 percent with the focus on overall employment within the sameindustries. The answers to such queries are the same, which is thecontinued growth and competition will remain and serve as the principletrigger for this spate of continued growth. Taking an insight view of the number of industries which haveestablished call centers in far off and remote regions/countries, itwould be evident that majority of them fall in the category ofknowledge based industries. The phrase of knowledge based industriesis coined precisely to make a distinction with other industries as callcenters are providing just this. They are providing services withstrong points in just two areas of expertise; first is their computerliteracy and second is their command of English language. Thus, one maynote that these two aspects are the core, and perhaps the pivotalreasons for the tremendous success of the call centers, aside from thecost factors for the parent companies based in the United Kingdom orthe United States of America. A brief on the US companies in search of setting up call centers asoffshore facilities shows that they are deemed as innovators in thisparticular phenomenon of outsourcing. In doing so, these companies takeinto account three principle aspects, which also serve as potentialconflicts with the consumers. One of the first aspects which assists these businesses is theeconomics and high speeds offered in the telecommunication and Internetfacilities for call centers, as compared to similar facilities say adecade ago. Examples to this effect include mortgage-approvaldepartment of a business which wishes to set up a call center facility,as the business would be least concerned whether it is a technologicalpioneer or not. Similarly such businesses need not worry about the highcosts incurred in advanced telecommunications which may otherwise wipeout any savings achieved from strategy of employing low wage employees.(Youndon, 2004) Second aspect which serves as a conflict between the businesses settingup call centers through outsourcing and their consumers the widespreadknowledge about the phenomena of call centers and outsourcing. Even ifone were to compare the increasing awareness and knowledge about callcenters with that of, for example a decade ago, it would be evidentthat little was known. For example call centers now include in theiragenda conferences held amongst the various call centers throughvideo-phone, or even video conferencing; the increase use and knowledgeof consultants for call centers who assist in such processes asselection of vendors, negotiation of contracts, and management ofadministrative and financial details. In this context, the overwhelmingwave of information at the disposal of these new breed of consultantsin the call center business may not necessarily guarantee the successof the respective call centers. However, they do enjoy an edge in areasof advice and guidance as compared to th eir counterparts in the ITarena (for example data entry operators/pioneers), say a decade ago. The third aspect which serves as the conflict between the businessesand their consumers over the call centers and outsourcing is theincreasing pressure to investigate into the affairs of the outsourcebusiness, or the call center in our case study. A decade ago, the casewas somewhat opposite, as there was little or no pressure toinvestigate the activities of the outsource businesses. One may notethat the decade of the 1990s was indeed a boom time for a number ofcompanies, and the general atmosphere was one of generous wages and asteady growth of employment. This trend was augmented by competition atthe global level, which also witnessed a steady growth of outsourcingbusiness the world over. Yet, the single most factors that perhapsserved to halt this growth was outgrowth and rising global demands forgoods and services, which outstripped supply. It would take a decade,when this rising demand of goods and services was be somewhat matchsupply, a phenomenon which we presently witness in e ntire outsourcingincluding call centers in the third world countries. Thus, present conditions on the call center arena the world over showthat supply is more than the demand for goods and services. It isprecisely this reasoning, that majority of the companies wishing to setup a call center now have a greater choice to select workers andregions where workers are least expensive. This is more commonlyobserved in the knowledge-based industries, which also includes thecall centers of India, Russia, Philippines, and China. As also a stateof conflict between the companies and their consumers, the first(businesses) are now more pressurized to cut back on costs due tofierce global competition, hence the search for ever more cheaperknowledge based labor force with less demanding working conditions andlow-paying employees respectively. The above section has briefly discussed the phenomenon and trends thathave become a mainstream for call centers, as also some of the businessperspectives from the point of those companies wishing to set up callcenters for economic reasons, competition, and growth of theirrespective organizations. However, the segment of consumers too is ever important and perhapscrucial element of a call center business. As it is the presence ofconsumers for whom the call centers emerge in the first instance.Since, majority of the consumers belong to countries where Englishlanguage is the first language, the emergence of call centers withEnglish language speaking employees is indeed a pre-requisite. The highwages prevalent as well as demanded by employees in the Englishspeaking countries including Canada, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates of America has forced large number of companies to outsourcetheir businesses, in part if not in whole to regions and countrieswhere is ample availability of less paying employees, yet havingcommand of the English language and are computer literate. For this theprobable choice falls on countries such India, the Philippine, theRussia and China. However, the standard and expertise of language orcomputer literacy are not the only factors, which make an ou tsourcingorganization successful. In this respect, the consumers as the principle beneficiaries of callcenters have a rightful demand to obtain services and products that areof optimal quality; a set of factors that has been somewhat left out bythe companies operating call centers in remote regions of the world. Aprime example to this effect can be observed from a complaint from agroup of consumers against call center operators and their employees,which duly resulted in a ruling from a court of public opinion with thefollowing wordings; You have no right to bother us and leave us dangling. And if we dobusiness with you, your word isnt good enough. You have to prove it. Though the above ruling is only a hint at the prevalent unease on thepart of consumers, yet this more than provides for call centeroperators and businesses to polish up their role in the provision ofgoods and services from offshore facilities, and through the use ofemployees with a little different accent, and perhaps little knowledgeon the actual complaint or command when calling up potential clients. The consumers at the end of call centers have also found strongfootings from both the laws and regulations, which have more, thanrestricted the activities of operators of, call centers. This can beobserved in the new set of US Federal regulations which place a limiton call abandonment rates, caller ID blocking, as well as demandinbound upsetting agents to ask consumers for their account IDs, andabove all to record those calls. A similar act favouring Th consumersis the Do-Not-Call or (DNC) registry which may become effective in thevery near future. The DNC is said to have a very strong support fromboth the US Congress as well as the US public. Though the registry hasyet to become fully effective and become a law, there are already morethan 50 million US phone subscribers who have filed for the DNCregistry. All these regulations and acts that are deemed to assistconsumers from the operators and businesses of call centers are perhapshuge hurdles from the perspective of the businesses. As theseregulations and laws, also termed as outbound rules will not onlyrestrict call center operations, but also serve to cost huge job lossesboth within the countries where call centers are operating, as well asthe offshore facilities which have been set to gain economic and othercrucial business advantages. A survey carried out by the American Teleservice Association (A.T.A.)revealed that the outbound rules could mean job losses to the tune ofsome 2 million individuals in the United States alone. As one of thefirst steps taken against the levy of such laws by the US government,legislators and public prosecutors, the A.T.A. has filed suits againstthe DNC regulations. Another aspect to be noted vis-a-vis the consumers at the end of callcenters is that the implementation of regulations and laws benefitingthe US consumers will have a direct affect on the US employees of callcenters, in turn forcing businesses to give importance and focus onoutsourcing and offshore facilities for call center businesses. Thus,even if and when there is a likely shift in the call centers, the joblosses for US employees will probably be effective even without suchlegislations. To satisfy the consumers, the call centers will thushave to comply with such regulations, even if these results in huge joblosses as also mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Yet another set of incentives and benefits for the consumers which alsoserve, as direct conflicts with the businesses are the marketingmethods employed by respective businesses. For example, businesses whenfaced with such strict measures and legislations as stated above mayturn to options such as direct mail, direct response, and inserts inpublications to prompt inbound calls, emails, and chat sessions. Inresponse to such changes in regulations and calls from publicofficials, the call centers at home will have to undergo and bringabout changes. These may include modifications in predictive dialersincluding their complete replacements, replacement of modern callrecording equipments and bring about changes in the mode of sellingfor both inbound and outbound agents, in turn positively affectivityand raising the standard of phone calls to consumers. The call centerson the other hand In contrast, the call centers operating in remote andfar-off locations with advantages in lower costs for both employees andinfrastructure will be least affected from such measures at homegrounds. In this context there are two particular regulations which directlyaffect the call center operations and which also serve as potentialconflicts with the businesses as well. The first is the TelemarketingSales Rule (TSR) which is administered by the US Federal TradeCommission (FTC). The second is the Telephone Consumer Protection Act(TCPA) which falls under the US Federal Communications Commission(FCC). Under the workings of both the FTC and the FCC, businesses are allowedto place calls to consumers who have given prior consent, and who haveenjoyed previous business relationships with the respective firms.There is also a time factor involved in such calls according to whichthere has to be a transaction within the last 18 months, and similarlya period of 90 days must have passed since the last inquiry was placed.On the other hand both these regulatory authorities and theirregulations become ineffective if and when a consumer refuses to accepta call, even if there was a business relationship in the recent past,and it is the obligation of the respective businesses to honor suchrefusals. The levy of and changes in the rules by both the TCPA and TSR havecalled for changes in the outbound calls for call center operations. Anexample to this respect include call abandonment rules, according towhich marketers have to connect live agents to place calls to theconcerned consumers, and this call has to have to duration of 4 ringsor a time limit of 15 seconds, and compliance of neither may result inabandonment of said call/s. A second rule of both the TCPA and TSR restricts the number of callsabandoned to just 3 percent, which are answered by live persons.However the TSR rules measure the same on a per day basis and a percampaign basis, while its sister authority, the TCPA measures the callover a months period. In compliance of such regulations and in response to the complaints ofthe consumers, the TCPA claims that no calls are abandoned if theresponse is in the form of voice messages within 2 seconds of receiptof a consumers call. Similarly the calls are not abandoned if theconsumer has previously consented to receive messages, includingexisting business relationships. (Read, 2004) Though outsourcing is being largely concentrated in areas of softwaredevelopment, maintenance, manufacturing, logistics, and adding thelatest area of knowledge based industries, one may note thatoutsourcing has perhaps been there for the last nearly 2 decades.However, the changes that have perhaps revolutionized the entire out-sourcing business, in particular the emergence of call centers includessuch disciplines as customer, transaction processing, finance andaccounting, human resources, desktop support and software development. The core reason, and perhaps the strongest factor to force theemergence of such huge numbers of call centers in remote regions of theworld such as India and China as prime examples are cost-cuttingstrategies by making earnings look all the more attractive. Included inthe cost-cutting strategies was the wages and salaries of theemployees, truly a major chunk of operating costs, which was dulyreplaced with employees hired at a fraction of what would otherwise bepayable for example within the United States of America or UnitedKingdom. This was amply found in the offshore labor, who were bothcomputer literate as well as well suited to serve the English speakingconsumers on the North American continent, and the United Kingdom. A brief comparison with other process-improvements innovationsincluding but not limited to Total Quality Management, Re-engineering,and Six Sigma, the offshore outsourcing too is predicted to facesomewhat similar consequences, and for arriving such a conclusion, itis only imperative that one studies the cycle of the above saidinnovations measures taken by business organizations. Included in this management drive innovation cycle are 4 principle steps, through each business organization has to undergo. The first is the slope of hype, and one may note that outsourcing, inparticular the emergence of call centers are passing through what maytermed as the honeymoon period, as also evident from the tremendoussuccesses achieved by majority of the organizations setting up callcenters. The duration of the hype period has witnessed a large numberof organizations somewhat copying or initiating projects based on thepresent forms of innovation. This is done to gain experience from thecurrent and ongoing process management techniques, without the need toinvest in experimenting. Another feature of such a tactic is a merepursuit of a competitor within the same industry. An example to thisrespect can be observed in the trends of e-commerce and e-business inthe later part of the 1990s decade. Thus, it was observed thatpractically every business organization was in pursuit of an e-commercestrategy, often without a detailed insight or logical reasons for doingso. A wave of e-commerce companies thus e merged offering best ofservices, and searching for a place in the market as a trustedadvisor in their endeavours to compete win offshore contracts. Suchcompanies were duly aided by venture capitalists that fueled the hypethrough a number of attractive financial instruments. The second principle of process management is that of despair, orrather the slope of despair. As the business enters the slope ofdespair, it is evidence that the honeymoon era, as also described inthe preceding paragraph has come to abrupt end. The offshore projectsinitiated in rather haste, including initiation or blindly following acompetitor with the same industry will witness a failure as noconsideration was given, nor any wieghtage given to the decision ofsetting up an offshore facility, or call center. The result of taking adecision in such haste is that promises to consumers remainunfulfilled, in turn triggering a possible backlash from within theorganization. Recent examples to this respect can be observed in thedecisions to call back and close shop decision taken by famous namessuch as Dell and Lehman Brothers. It is also observed that during thisslope of despair, a large number of organizations that are not seriousin operating offshore facilities would opt for closing down theiroffshore facilities. Further, such companies would either go for acomplete re-evaluation of their principle strategies, while those whoare truly serious in pursuing and benefiting from their offshore plans,continue to excel and strive to maximize their earnings from thetremendous set of advantages hidden in the operation of offshorebusinesses, including call centers. The third important aspect in the process management innovation measureis that of consolidation and assimilation. This step is immediatelyproceeded after that of despair where serious contenders stay on, andthose who step in the market without serious considerations eitherere-evaluate their strategies, or completely fall back and retreat totheir home grounds. The business of e-commerce witnessed similar trendsand behaviors. Having undergone the crucial step of consolidation, abusiness more often than not enters the slope of profit era. As alsoevidenced in majority of the businesses involved in e-commerce, mostorganization have today realized that e-commerce is not a merenecessity, rather a pre-requisite for their businesses. A similar spateof events awaits the offshore business, where call centers arepredicted to reach levels of extra-ordinary profits for their parentorganizations, a likelihood prediction for the end of the presentdecade. The study of the above 4 principle aspects of process managementinnovations shows, as also evident from recent corporate history, thatit is the home countrys economy, which by and large dictates thesuccess or failure of a corporate strategy. Thus, if economy is movingtowards recovery, not only will other businesses suffer, but theoffshore business including call centers will too face the same fate.Similarly, if the home economy is failure, and is continuouslywitnessing a fall, offshore outsourcing as well as all other businesseswill bound to see an acceleration and growth with significant profitmargins who can sustain the ups and falls of offshore businesses.However, there are more than likely chances for the IT sector, inparticular the knowledge based industries which include the callcenters will witness a similar migration as has happened with themanufacturing from the North American and European continents to moveto the Pacific Rim countries. (Gore, 2003) The above section of the dissertation has briefly discussed some of theaspects of offshore call centers including the businesses as well asthe consumers and the conflicts between them. The above section hasprimarily focused on the US businesses as they enjoy the single largestsegment of the global offshore call centers. The is followed by UnitedKingdom enjoying a second place, and which will constitute thefollowing section of our dissertation. The following part will thustake into account a brief history of outsourcing, and move on todiscuss businesses and consumers from the European perspective, with aparticular attention on the implications on the British businesses,British consumers, and the British job markets with respect to callcenters. Having briefly touched the US perspective of outsourcing businesses,the following section discusses the businesses, consumers and theirconflicts from a British point of view. A survey carried by M/s Outsourcing Insight Ltd., Harvard, M., showedthat the year 2000 was a record period for Britain as it witnessed theemergence of some 35,000 call center related jobs, and establishment ofsome 88 call centers. This tremendous growth pattern in the outsourcing business in theUnited Kingdom proved a number of points. For example, it showed that arecord number of businesses had chosen to shift and expand towardsoutsourcing. It also proved that the consumers had a wider choice. Itwas also evident that each call center was offering a more diverse setof services, a more specialized version and an ever-competitiveenvironment to offer for their customers. (Harvard, 2000) However, with the tremendous growth pattern viewed in the expansion ofcall centers, British businesses also realized that there was a crucialneed for an approach that would provide for needed end results andoptimization of their outsourcing objectives. For example, theselection of an outsourcing partner was one such area, which requiredneeded diligence and an equally cautious approach. It was largelyobserved that in their endeavours to increase their market share andcompete in their respective industries, majority of the Britishbusinesses failed to recognize that competition and offering truly highstandards of services and products called for an equally high standardsof capabilities and services. This was only possible in the appropriateselection of an outsourcing partner who fulfil